> Some would’ve also heard about time travel debuggers (TTD) which let you step back in time. But most languages do not have a mature TTD implementation. So I am not writing about that.

Shame as that's likely the only option with significant universal UX advantage vs. sprinkling prints...

Watchpoints (breakpoint that triggers when a given memory address is read/written/both) are the other huge UX advantage over prints. They're not quite as universal: you can almost always "print" by blinking an LED even if you don't have the luxury of a UART or other console, and some extremely low-end MCUs don't have any sort of watchpoints, but almost everything else does. A watchpoint that logs which source line wrote to the address in question & continues execution automatically is one of the easiest ways to debug memory corruption.