Something I haven't seen discussed here that is another type of debugging that can be very useful is historical / offline debugging.

Kind of a hybrid of logging and standard debugging. "everything" is logged and you can go spelunk.

For example:

https://rr-project.org/

I've loved working with rr! Unfortunately the most recent project I've been contributing to breaks it (honestly it might just be Ubuntu, as it works on my arch install, but doesn't work when deployed where I need to test it).

Print debugging is historical / offline debugging, just ad-hoc instead of systemic.

The ”debug” package on npm is something in between, as it requires inserting debug statements but they are hidden from output unless an envvar like DEBUG=scope.subscope.*,otherscope is used.