Proto2 let you do this and the "required" keyword was removed because of the problems it introduces when evolving the schema in a system with many users that you don't necessarily control. Let's say you want to add a new required field, if your system receives messages from clients some clients may be sending you old data without the field and now the parse step fails because it detects a missing field. If you ever want to remove a required field you have the opposite problem, there will components that have to have those fields present just to satisfy the parser even if they're only interested in some other fields.

Philosophically, checking that a field is required or not is data validation and doesn't have anything to do with serialization. You can't specify that an integer falls into a certain valid range or that a string has a valid number of characters or is the correct format (e.g. if it's supposed to be an email or a phone number). The application code needs to do that kind of validation anyway. If something really is required then that should be the application's responsibility to deal with it appropriately if it's missing.

The Captn Proto docs also describe why being able to declare required fields is a bad idea: https://capnproto.org/faq.html#how-do-i-make-a-field-require...

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thinkharderdev 6 days ago | parent | next [-]

> Philosophically, checking that a field is required or not is data validation and doesn't have anything to do with serialization

But protocol buffers is not just a serialization format it is an interface definition language. And not being able to communicate that a field is required or not is very limiting. Sometimes things are required to process a message. If you need to add a new field but be able to process older versions of the message where the field wasn't required (or didn't exist) then you can just add it as optional.

I understand that in some situations you have very hard compatibility requirements and it makes sense to make everything optional and deal with it in application code, but adding a required attribute to fields doesn't stop you from doing that. You can still just make everything optional. You can even add a CI lint that prevents people from merging code with required fields. But making required fields illegal at the interface definition level just strikes me as killing a fly with a bazooka.

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rimunroe 7 days ago | parent | prev | next [-]

> Philosophically, checking that a field is required or not is data validation and doesn't have anything to do with serialization.

My issue is that people seem to like to use protobuf to describe the shape of APIs rather than just something to handle serialization. I think it's very bad at the describing API shapes.

	▲	taeric 6 days ago \| parent [-]
		I think it is somewhat of a natural failure of DRY taken to the extreme? People seem to want to get it so that they describe the API in a way that is then generated for clients and implementations. It is amusing, in many ways. This is specifically part of what WSDL aspired to, but people were betrayed by the big companies not having a common ground for what shapes they would support in a description.

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instig007 6 days ago | parent | prev [-]

> Let's say you want to add a new required field, if your system receives messages from clients some clients may be sending you old data without the field and now the parse step fails because it detects a missing field.

A parser has to (inherently) neither fail (compatibility mode) nor lose the new field (a passthrough mode), nor allow diverging (strict mode). The fact that capnproto/parser authors don't realize that the same single protocol can operate in three different scenarios (but strictly speaking: at boundaries vs in middleware) at the same time, should not result in your thinking that there are problems with required fields in protocols. This is one of the most bizzare kinds of FUD in the industry.

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kentonv 6 days ago | parent [-]

Hi, I'm the apparently-FUD-spreading Cap'n Proto author.

Sure! You could certainly imagine extending Protobuf or Cap'n Proto with a way to specify validation that only happens when you explicitly request it. You'd then have separate functions to parse vs. to validate a message, and then you can perform strict validation at the endpoints but skip it in middleware.

This is a perfectly valid feature idea which many people have entertained an even implemented successfully. But I tend to think it's not worth trying to do have this in the schema language because in order to support every kind of validation you might want, you end up needing a complete programming language. Plus different components might have different requirements and therefore need different validation (e.g. middleware vs. endpoints). In the end I think it is better to write any validation functions in your actual programming language. But I can certainly see where people might disagree.

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lostdog 6 days ago | parent [-]

It gets super frustrating to have to empty/null check fields everywhere you use them, especially for fields that are effectively required for the message to make sense.

A very common example I see is Vec3 (just x, y, z). In proto2 you should be checking for the presence of x,y,z every time you use them, and when you do that in math equations, the incessant existence checks completely obscure the math. Really, you want to validate the presence of these fields during the parse. But in practice, what I see is either just assuming the fields exist in code and crashing on null, or admitting that protos are too clunky to use, and immediately converting every proto into a mirror internal type. It really feels like there's a major design gap here.

Don't get me started on the moronic design of proto3, where every time you see Vec3(0,0,0) you get to wonder whether it's the right value or mistakenly unset.

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kentonv 6 days ago | parent [-]

> It gets super frustrating to have to empty/null check fields everywhere you use them, especially for fields that are effectively required for the message to make sense.

That's why Protobuf and Cap'n Proto have default values. You should not bother checking for presence of fields that are always supposed to be there. If the sender forgot to set a field, then they get the default value. That's their problem.

> just assuming the fields exist in code and crashing on null

There shouldn't be any nulls you can crash on. If your protobuf implementation is returning null rather than a default value, it's a bad implementation, not just frustrating to use but arguably insecure. No implementation of mine ever worked that way, for sure.

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lostdog 5 days ago | parent [-]

Sadly, the default values are an even bigger source of bugs. We just caught another one at $work where a field was never being filled in, but the default values made it look fine. It caused hidden failures later on.

It's an incredibly frustrating "feature" to deal with, and causes lots of problems in proto3.

	▲	kentonv 5 days ago \| parent [-]
		You can still verify presence explicitly if you want, with the `has` methods. But if you don't check, it should return a default value rather than null. You don't want your server to crash on bad input.