The punchline of this article is that all the implementations they tried (WatermelonDB, PowerSync, ElectricSQL, Triplit, InstantDB, Convex) are all built on top of IndexedDB.

"The root cause is that all of these offline-first tools for web are essentially hacks. PowerSync itself is WASM SQLite... On top of IndexedDB."

But there's a new web storage API in town, Origin Private File System. https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/File_System... "It provides access to a special kind of file that is highly optimized for performance and offers in-place write access to its content."

OPFS reached Baseline "Newly Available" in March 2023; it will be "Widely Available" in September.

WASM sqlite on OPFS is, finally, not a hack, and is pretty much exactly what the author needed in the first place.

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jitl 4 days ago | parent | next [-]

We do see about 10x the database row corruption rate w/ WASM OPFS SQLite compared to the same logic running against native SQLite. For read-side cache use-case this is recoverable and relatively benign but we're not moving write-side use-case from IndexedDB to WASM-OPFS-SQLite until things look a bit better. Not to put the blame on SQLite here, there's shared responsibility for the corruption between the host application (eg Notion), the SQLite OPFS VFS authors, the user-agent authors, and the user's device to ensure proper locking and file semantics.

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isaachinman 4 days ago | parent | prev | next [-]

Yeah, I did fail to mention OPFS in the blog post. It does look very promising, but we're not in a position to build on emergent tech – we need a battle-tested stack. Boring over exciting.

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culi 4 days ago | parent [-]

Not sure anything in the offline-first ecosystem qualifies as "boring" yet. You would need some high-profile successful examples that have been around for a few years to earn that title

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isaachinman 4 days ago | parent [-]

Replicache certainly fits the bill!

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culi 4 days ago | parent [-]

Replicache is in maintenance mode

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isaachinman 4 days ago | parent [-]

...Exactly?

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stavros 4 days ago | parent [-]

Maintenance mode doesn't mean "this is so mature we don't have anything else to add", it means "we don't want to spend any more time on it so we'll only fix bugs and that's it".

	▲	isaachinman 2 days ago \| parent [-]
		Some notable companies using Replicache are Vercel and Productlane. It's a very mature product. The Rocicorp team have decided to focus on a different product, Zero, which is far less "offline-first" in that it does not sync all data, but rather syncs data based on queries. This works well for applications that have unbounded amounts of data (ie something like Instagram), but is _not_ what we want or need at Marco.

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aboodman 4 days ago | parent | prev | next [-]

Replicache, which author loves, is also built on top of IndexedDB.

But notably, not directly atop. We build our own KV store that uses IDB just as block storage. So I sort of agree w/ you.

But if we were to build atop OPFS we'd also just be using it for block storage. So I'm not sure it's a win? It will be interesting to explore.

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dfabulich 4 days ago | parent [-]

I think you’ll find it’s a performance win.

	▲	aboodman 4 days ago \| parent [-]
		It's not so cut and dry. The majority of the cost in a database is often serializing/deserializing data. By using IDB from JS, we delegate that to the browser's highly optimized native code. The data goes from JS vals to binary serialization in one hop. If we were to use OPFS, we would instead have to do that marshaling ourselves in JS. JS is much slower that native code, so the resulting impl would probably be a lot slower. We could attempt to move that code into Rust/C++ via WASM, but then we have a different problem: we have to marshal between JS types and native types first, before writing to OPFS. So there are now two hops: JS -> C++ -> OPFS. We have actually explored this in a previous version of Replicache and it was much slower. The marshalling btwn JS and WASM killed it. That's why Replicache has the design it does. I don't personally think we can do this well until WASM and JS can share objects directly, without copies.

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ochiba 4 days ago | parent | prev [-]

PowerSync supports OPFS as SQLite VFS since earlier 2025: https://github.com/powersync-ja/powersync-js/pull/418