Outside of a private tracker (which takes measures to keep random untracked peers from getting on the torrent), not really. Individual seeder clients can detect bad behavior like leeching and ban by IP, but each torrent is likely to have a different seeding pool.

So the penalty is mostly just on individual torrents. Of course, trying to pull something like this on a private tracker would get you banned real fast...

I was under the impression that part of what made bittorent work was that the protocol tried to estimate how much each peer is uploading moment to moment and only provide it that much data to download.