Is this common for any other vaccines? I got a few in the past few years recommended by the doctor, but at no point did I have to show proof of anything to the pharmacy.

I poked around the pharmacy web site and there were a few that, upon selection, asked me to self-attest that I had a health condition that needed the vaccine. But nothing beyond clicking a checkbox.

I don't believe it is common for most vaccines. The pharmacists are typically qualified to help you make this decision for yourself.