This is a huge issue and it's the result of many legacy decisions on the desktop that were made 30+ years ago. Newer operating systems for mobile like iOS really get this right by sandboxing each app and requiring explicit permission from the user for various privileges.

There are solutions on the desktop like Qubes (but it uses virtualization and is slow, also very complex for the average user). There are also user-space solutions like Firejail, bubblewrap, AppArmor, which all have their own quirks and varying levels of compatibility and support. You also have things like OpenSnitch which are helpful only for isolating networking capabilities of programs. One problem is that most users don't want to spend days configuring the capabilities for each program on their system. So any such solution needs profiles for common apps which are constantly maintained and updated.

I'm somewhat surprised that the current state of the world on the desktop is just _so_ bad, but I think the problem at its core is very hard and the financial incentives to solve it are not there.