I use a popup like that myself a lot. Clipman on xfce supports that but no pinning.

The "Clipboard History"[0] Gnome extension also does this quite well in my experience. I also recently switched from Windows 11 (to Ubuntu), very happy so far.

Edit: Supports pinning and binding it to Super+V as well!

[0] https://extensions.gnome.org/extension/4839/clipboard-histor...

Yes, I this is the feature I miss most; I'm almost ready to try to remember how to write in C.