2080 hours is way over estimating the hours worked per year IMHO. The way I calculate it is something like this:
2080 hours is 8 hours a day, 5 days a week, 52 weeks per year. There is no annual leave or country-specific holidays in this calculation. I'd argue that very few workers hit 2080 hours per year, and those that do are probably minimum wage and working every hour possible just to survive.
In the UK, 25-30 days holiday is typical, plus another 9 days of public holiday, so I usually reckon on 45 weeks maximum of full-time work per year, which is 225 days or 1800 hours as an upper bound. I know in the US 10 days vacation and 10 days federal holiday and maybe a bonus couple of days for Thanksgiving and Christmas would put that around 235 or 1880 hours.
As an aside, while in the US 8 hours is normal, in the UK 7.5 is more typical (and very occasionally 7), so those 225 days are now 1687.5 hours per year. But personally, I only think in daily rate, not hourly, so I don't concern myself with that.
From the 225 nominal working days, there's also paid sickness time (maybe only 0-3 days per year for me) that I'd be paid for in a salaried job but not contracting, and other days when I might be doing work related things but can't invoice it. So, maybe I'd roll that down to 220 nominal days per year.
Then there's additional taxes. In the UK, you can either pay yourself a salary and pay both employee and employer taxes on it, or pay corporation tax on company profits and pay dividends (and the personal tax that arises). Dividends worse out slightly more tax efficient, but there's not a lot in in. On average, I'd say probably 10% more in tax compared to a salaried job. So, let's call it now 200 nominal days per year.
Then, you have to consider days you can't work - between contracts, and on occasions, I've arranged a contract for when I return from holiday and then client has asked to delay for another month to help their cashflow. It's hard to quantify this, I'd say on average I've had maybe 10-15 days per year where I could have worked, but didn't because I wasn't in contract.
There are days that you might consider free or fun as a salaried employee, such as day-time work parties, conferences (and expense accounts), all of which not only aren't free in terms of time, but also come out of your income. For instance, to attend the conference I used to go to with a previous employer would cost approx. 5 days income for tickets, flights and hotels, plus the 5 days of lost income.
You've then got all the other things that are more important in the US, but are just perks here - I don't do healthcare when contracting, because the UK's free service is good enough, but I took it as an employee when it was free and I just paid the tax liability on it. Many companies include gym memberships, snacks etc.
Other costs of contracting are accountancy fees (for me about 2 days income), insurance and indemnity (for me about half a day income), heating and electricity costs for multiple computers when remote working (it's a lot of hassle to bill it to the company just to save a bit of tax by calling it a company expense rather than paying personally), etc.
There's the risk of being out of work when you weren't expecting it - not finding a contract when the previous one ends, etc. I've even had the case where I've negotiated a contract to start when I return from holiday, and on the starting date the client asked if I could delay a month because of cashflow issues.
Taking into account all these, I'd say the 200 days should be reduced to at most 180 assuming no gaps in work, and maybe 150 assuming that you might not be working for 6 weeks.
I've actually heard several people say they assume 100 working days per year for straight salary to day-rate comparisons, assuming that while they might be able to make it work on a lower day-rate, using 100 days guarantees that it's worth doing. It's hard to get that kind of mutliplier in the UK though and 150 days is about where most contracts seem to be offered at by companies compared to salaries offered for similar roles.
150 days is also conveniently 2/3 of 225 days of maximum full time load in a salaried job, which converts to a simple 50% premium over a salaried job to cover the additional work, expenses and risks of contracting.
TLDR: add 50% to the salary for comparison, or multiply daily rate by 150.
