I recommend having a look at 16.3 onward here if you're curious about this: https://web.stanford.edu/~jurafsky/slp3/16.pdf

I'm not familiar with Whisper in particular, but typically what happens in an ASR model is that the decoder, speaking loosely, sees "the future" (i.e. the audio after the chunk it's trying to decode) in a sentence like this, and also has the benefit of a language model guiding its decoding so that grammatical productions like "I like ice cream" are favored over "I like I scream".