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derriz 6 days ago

It’s not as crazy as it initially seems.

It’s because of a fundamental difference between how capital gains tax and income tax are collected.

Capital gains are deferred - so as years pass you’re working up a tax liability but most countries recognize that forcing collection every year is not practical given the often illiquid nature of capital gains and the difficulty around valuation.

I’m from a country which has no exit tax on capital gains and notoriously a certain wealthy telecoms magnet - having been resident all his life - moved to Portugal just before realizing billions of capital gain. Thus despite earning multiple billions through businesses activities in his native country, he effectively paid zero tax.

I myself have benefited from this lack of capital gain exit tax as I moved to a country with very low capital gains tax. So despite the fact that my modest equity portfolio earned most of its growth while I was living in Ireland, when I sell, the Irish government will get nothing.

The problem, it seems to me is the method of valuation for the deemed disposal and/or the fact that it can cause a “liquidity squeeze“ for the tax payer.

I don’t see a simple solution - maybe other than getting rid of capital gains taxes completely and collecting more consumption taxes, for example, but I’m sure this would just open up a range of other tax evading loopholes.

bluecalm 6 days ago | parent | next [-]

Capital gain tax is stupid anyway. It's one of the first tax that should be removed.

You can tax business at home by land/revenue/resources usage/ip protection taxes. As it is owners in different jurisdictions pay a different (or sometimes no) tax on selling shares. Selling itself is something you want to encourage, not discourage. It's a pointless tax that penalizes exactly the things you want to encourage.

You think that someone moving to Portugal to avoid it is unfair but then a share holder living in 0 cap gain jurisdiction in the first place would pay 0 anyway.

ahupp 6 days ago | parent | next [-]

IMO corporate income tax is the first that should be removed, with a corresponding shift to income taxes. Those can be as progressive as you want, have much lower compliance costs, and don’t distort behavior in the same way. Thought in practice I’m not sure how tax collection from foreign owners would work.

shivasaxena 5 days ago | parent [-]

I would rather argue for the following

- No PIT on dividend income, which is fair since CIT has already been paid on the money earned by the firm(and paid bt by you as a shareholder in that firm)

- CIT payable only on dividend distribution, not yearly so if a firm keeps on re-investing in the firm paying salaries/suppliers and investing in growth they don't pay any CIT.

Another side effect of 1) is that it would cause companies to distribute dividends rather than doing stock buyback since dividend would have a lower tax rate(0%) than the STCG/LTCG tax rate on stock appreciation.

This is how estonia does it, so we already have some data on effectiveness of this.

pydry 6 days ago | parent | prev [-]

It is at least not wildly regressive like consumption taxes are.

It would be better to tax IP protection, inheritance, resource use and land only but realistically if we get rid of capital gains the tax burden will land squarely on wage earners doing all of the actual work who are already taxed more than the people who own their productive output.

bluecalm 6 days ago | parent | next [-]

There are many ways to make consumption taxes not regressive. You can implement refunds up to certain threshold. You can use the revenue to fund services used by lower income families. You can tax luxury good at higher rates.

EU countries already realize it's the case with IT services (everyone wants their share with digital tax) and with big supermarket chains (big issue in Poland). It's just painfully slow for them to connect the dots and introduce a general solution.

qwertylicious 6 days ago | parent | next [-]

> There are many ways to make consumption taxes not regressive. You can implement refunds up to certain threshold. You can use the revenue to fund services used by lower income families

Every one of those "solutions" is just a patch on the basic problem that consumption taxes are fundamentally regressive.

Go tell someone living paycheque to paycheque that it's okay, you'll get a rebate every quarter for the extra tax they paid, or worse, on their annual tax filing, and tell me how that'll make their household budget actually work.

Honestly, when I read ideas like this, I realize just how massive the disconnect is between the lived experiences of the relatively well off and the working poor...

bananalychee 5 days ago | parent [-]

Except consumption correlates with income and wealth, and it's already not uncommon for states to exempt necessities like food and clothing from taxation, which keeps them affordable without a convoluted bureaucratic system. Implemented correctly, consumption taxes are less regressive than property taxes, which prop up rents and constitute a barrier to home ownership for working class people.

There are arguments to be made against heavily taxing consumption to encourage economic activity, but you're oversimplifying this by disregarding the indirect costs of alternatives and looking for problems instead of solutions. Not that I think the one you commented on is a good one.

pydry 6 days ago | parent | prev [-]

The attraction of consumption taxes largely IS that they are regressive. That's certainly why people like Bob McNair pushed them.

A billionaire who spends 0.2% of their wealth every year, paying a 100% consumption tax on that would still have a vastly lower relative tax burden than somebody who spends their whole paycheck but only pays 50% consumption tax.

gottorf 6 days ago | parent | prev | next [-]

> It is at least not wildly regressive like consumption taxes are.

Why is it just assumed that regressive taxes are bad?

HWR_14 5 days ago | parent [-]

If you want to make a case that regressive taxes are not bad, feel free.

dmitrygr 5 days ago | parent | prev [-]

> who are already taxed more than the people who own their productive output.

Top 5% by income in USA pay 60% of income tax. It is NOT the run-of-the-mill wage earners who may most, not even close.

cdeez 6 days ago | parent | prev | next [-]

Australia has a "good" system for this (or fair system) - when you leave the country you either choose to pay CGT based on the value at that date, or Australia has a claim on the assets when you eventually sell.

Source -> https://www.ato.gov.au/individuals-and-families/coming-to-au...

If you cease to be an Australian resident while overseas, we deem some of your assets – generally those not taxable Australian property – to have been disposed of for CGT purposes. This may mean you become liable to pay CGT.

You can choose not to have this deemed disposal apply. But if you do eventually dispose of the assets, we consider the whole period of ownership – including any period when you're not an Australian resident – when we calculate a capital gain or loss for CGT purposes.

digianarchist 6 days ago | parent | next [-]

Canada does this too. Don’t most countries?

graemep 6 days ago | parent [-]

I do not think so. It varies a lot. The last time I looked at UK law you were liable for CGT for a long time after you left the country just to stop people leaving for a short time to evade CGT, but it was not the case a few decades ago.

With all countries you need to check the provisions of double tax treaties. There is likely to be somewhere that has no or low CGT that has a double tax treaty with where-ever you are that lets you dodge this sort of provision (at least partly).

Then there are things like using trusts (another thing you could get away with in the UK that got cracked down on in recent decades).

zarzavat 6 days ago | parent [-]

I believe in the UK it works like this: if you leave the country you are not liable for CGT even if you realise gains, unless you return within 5 years then you have to pay tax on any gains you realised while you were away. With some caveats.

csomar 6 days ago | parent | prev [-]

How will you reconcile with your new jurisdiction though? What if you move to 4-5 countries during that time…

mytailorisrich 6 days ago | parent | prev | next [-]

Capital gain is the profit made on the sale of a capital asset.

There is no gain or loss until the asset is sold. Taxation is not deferred, it applies when the gain is made, i.e. upon sale.

Wobbles42 6 days ago | parent [-]

This needs to be repeated more often.

If I buy a house for $100k, and next year some idiot pays $1M for a very similar house three streets down, did I just magically make $900k? Should I be taxed on that gain immediately? Should I be forced to sell part of my property to cover it? What happens when that sale occurs at a much lower price, due to my need to liquidate, did that lower the prices of all the houses in the neighborhood back to normal? Does only the first person to actually pay the tax owe the tax?

That's the reasoning we're applying if we tax unrealized gains on stocks (or any other asset). We take what the highest bidder is willing to pay for some tiny percentage of an asset, and assume that means everyone else could get the same price, yielding these theoretical valuations that have no bearing on reality.

Property taxes have a similar problem but that is a whole other can of worms. I'd love to live in a world where the local tax assessor is obligated to purchase your property on demand for 80% of what they say it is worth -- surely they would jump at the chance to realize an instant profit, right?

You simply can't establish value without an actual transaction. Without a buyer and a seller you are just making up numbers.

jen20 6 days ago | parent | next [-]

> Should I be taxed on that gain immediately? Should I be forced to sell part of my property to cover it?

In much of the US, you made a loss, since your property taxes will go up the next year.

> I'd love to live in a world where the local tax assessor is obligated to purchase your property on demand for 80% of what they say it is worth -- surely they would jump at the chance to realize an instant profit, right?

Absolutely.

carlosjobim 6 days ago | parent | prev | next [-]

> That's the reasoning we're applying if we tax unrealized gains on stocks (or any other asset). We take what the highest bidder is willing to pay for some tiny percentage of an asset, and assume that means everyone else could get the same price, yielding these theoretical valuations that have no bearing on reality.

We take what the highest bidder is willing to pay, as well as what the lowest seller is willing to sell for. So it's a completely fair way of fixing the value. If you think the price is too high, then why aren't other sellers rushing to sell for the same? If you think the price is too low, then why aren't other buyers rushing to buy?

bluecalm 6 days ago | parent [-]

Because different market participants have different views, risk tolerance and needs. The market argument only works for very high liquidity public stocks. Even then it's unlikely Musk or Zuckerberg can sell their equity at the price of the day. It completely fails for smaller businesses.

carlosjobim 5 days ago | parent [-]

The monetary (note: monetary) value of anything and everything is determined by when the minimum value which a seller accepts to sell it for is equal to the maximum value a buyer accepts to buy it for.

If you by some hacker magic know of any way to circumvent this fundamental logic, then you will become the richest man in history within less than a year, since you will then buy for less than anybody is willing to sell for and sell for more than anybody is willing to buy for.

bluecalm 5 days ago | parent [-]

Yes but it assumes the whole thing. Just because someone is willing to buy a chunk for X doesn't mean there are enough buyers for all chunks at this price.

crazygringo 6 days ago | parent | prev | next [-]

> If I buy a house for $100k, and next year some idiot pays $1M for a very similar house three streets down, did I just magically make $900k?

Of course you did! Assuming that "some idiot" is actually representative of the market.

Go sell your house for $1M ASAP, move somewhere else for $100k and keep the $900k profit.

> You simply can't establish value without an actual transaction.

Not perfectly, but you can definitely estimate it pretty decently for tax purposes. And you talk about the highest bidder in a market, but remember it's also the lowest seller. Markets are not generally distorted by "idiots" paying 10x. That's a straw man.

carlosjobim 6 days ago | parent | prev [-]

> did I just magically make $900k?

Yes you did, because now you can mortgage your real estate for that value and live in luxury. This is how most people make a good living, not by working or investing.

seabass-labrax 6 days ago | parent | next [-]

How does that work? Mortgaging is selling a portion (in an abstract sense) of a house for cash, with an obligation to buy that portion back in installments.

So parent has mortgaged their 100k house for a million - now what? How do they get out of their obligation to repay the mortgage - that is, buy the house back again for at least a million - without incurring penalties?

If there weren't repercussions for defaulting on mortgage payments, anyone could just trick lenders into buying their house immediately.

qwertylicious 6 days ago | parent | next [-]

The parent is referring to the "buy, borrow, die" strategy of wealth accumulation. Would that work in your parent's specific circumstance? Maybe? Maybe not? But taking a low interest loan against assets as a method of wealth generation and tax avoidance is both a viable strategy and an extremely popular one.

carlosjobim 5 days ago | parent | prev [-]

> How do they get out of their obligation to repay the mortgage

After they have repaid the mortgage they will own a million dollar house clear and free. Which they can sell or mortgage again.

I'm stating that the ability to mortgage or sell your house for a million is evidence that it has increased in value by 900 000.

Wobbles42 6 days ago | parent | prev | next [-]

That is a good point -- though perhaps a better solution there would be to simply make the use of an asset as collateral into a taxable event, and treat money borrowed against it in excess of the original value as capital gains.

I know this is a very common technique that people use to effectively liquidate assets without incurring taxes, but I think it can (and should be!) solved without penalizing people who simply hold an asset.

mytailorisrich 6 days ago | parent | prev [-]

No, a mortgage is a loan. You don't "make" any money by taking a loan since you obviously have to pay the money back.

Don't worry that if a loan was considered "making money" it would be taxed as income... which would make no sense at all. In fact, disguising transactions as loans while not intending to repay the money is a well-known tax evasion scheme, which tax authorities always keep an eye on.

carlosjobim 6 days ago | parent [-]

You made money before taking the loan, as your property increased in value. Taking a loan is a way of realizing the profit, but you can of course also sell your real estate.

The money is paid back during the course of decades, when that money will be worth 1/4, 1/3 or half to what it is worth now. And your real estate is ripe to be mortgaged again for another jackpot payout.

Hundreds of millions of people all over the world do it, and tax authorities applaud it. Who do you think writes the tax code?

mytailorisrich 6 days ago | parent | next [-]

> You made money before taking the loan, as your property increased in value. Taking a loan is a way of realizing the profit, but you can of course also sell your real estate.

That's incorrect on both counts. You did not make money and the loan is not a way to realize the profit since you have to pay it back, as explained before.

I think this illustrates that finance and accounting are very poorly understood topic and are easily used for sensationalism.

seabass-labrax 6 days ago | parent | prev [-]

If your mortgaged house depreciates while you are still paying off the mortgage, you still need to pay the original, un-depreciated amount. You'll also probably need to pay interest accumulated during the time the property was mortgaged, which means you can't use it to avoid inflation.

What lender do you know of who will voluntarily reduce your mortgage obligation if the property depreciates?

dismalaf 6 days ago | parent | prev | next [-]

Well if you force collection on gains every year, what happens if the value of the asset goes down? Will the government pay you back? Opens up a huge can of worms...

blitzar 6 days ago | parent [-]

You get a credit against future gains. Same as when you sell an asset at a loss, the tax man doesnt pay you tax - your losses are available to offset future losses.

tebbers 6 days ago | parent | prev | next [-]

What did the Irish government do to entitle itself to a chunk of the appreciation of your equity portfolio of presumably non-Irish companies? What did they do to contribute to that equity growth?

derriz 6 days ago | parent | next [-]

I don’t understand the question.

Governments collect tax in lots of different ways: income taxes, sales/consumption taxes, import taxes, capital gain taxes, property taxes, inheritance taxes, etc,

What’s so special about capital gains taxes that requires the government to have had some sort of active involvement to be justified?

spwa4 6 days ago | parent [-]

Capital gains are theoretical. You do not have that as money, but the state does want it as money. They are not what someone paid for your assets, they are what someone THINKS someone else might pay. Most smaller companies cannot be sold easily, and of course, the government is unwilling to take that as the valuation being zero (because what someone is willing to pay right now is in fact zero). And the government is unwilling to take any risk (they take cash only). So they're taxing money you do not have available to spend, and may not have at all.

Think of it as taking a $10k diamond with you. It's worth something, but ... maybe next year artificial diamonds double the size of your diamond start costing $500, and your diamond's value goes to $550. The difficulty is that the government demands "10%", which is $1000 in taxes on the "value" of your diamond now.

So for a big range of company sizes it's effectively a tax on nonexistent assets. This would not be the case for a huge (let's say revenue of 500k or more) company.

But the government chooses not to tax those big companies.

Wobbles42 6 days ago | parent | next [-]

Perhaps the simple solution is to give those small business owners the option of selling their business to the government at whatever price the government feels it is worth.

Any claim of valuation is really only meaningful as a purchase offer.

FredPret 6 days ago | parent | next [-]

Or, and hear me out here, we cut state spending to sustainable levels so the government doesn’t have to regard us as walking dollar signs

spwa4 6 days ago | parent [-]

The problem is that the government is financed by a ponzi scheme based on selling very steep GDP growth, very steep increases in the labor force. In other words, the German government as it functions today is financed by having sold the increased income in labor taxation of the next 10 to 30 years to the banks so they could spend it already. Only ... that income doesn't exist.

The labor force is shrinking (especially if you look at it in terms of how many hours of labor are performed, irrespective of who does it, or when). In other words, the German government has sold the labors of Germans for about the next 15-25 years ... and Germans aren't able to actually do the work that has already been sold. Someone is about to get very badly burnt, and so there is a big fight who takes the loss. The government has the guns, doesn't want to pay, in fact they want big companies to keep delivering their goods. So those government guns will be aimed ... at workers. The only ones they can be aimed at without BIG consequences for the people with the guns.

So, now, under current taxation, the government has to more than triple any increases in taxation, which they need to just maintain current services. Once to pay for what the government needs. Once to pay back the principle of the loans they already made. Once to cover the interest on those loans (because 20 years loans on average at about 3%, let's say total interest coast over the length of the loan is about 100%). And on top of that they have to add what they need to pay extra due to labor force shrinking. In other words, elected representatives are going to find that they both have to do A LOT extra in new taxes for any initiatives and even if they raise taxes the effect of that will not nearly be what they expect.

And taxation on labor is already essentially 50%, so obviously percentage increases are going to be incredibly unpopular. Plus there's the additional difficulty that the problem is not money. It is that the very real assets behind money (ie. work, performed by a human) are becoming scarcer, while the drain on those resources (the welfare state, ie. old people) is increasing.

For the next 20 years, minimum (the time it takes to go from newborn to productive citizen), the government has to shrink the services they provide, at least in terms of labor. And since people aren't about to have another baby boom, it's going to be longer. Oh, and I would much appreciate if the German government managed to do this without putting the Nazis back in power.

And this is a worldwide phenomenon, modified by immigration and modified by a few years depending on the exact country, so you can bet your firstborn quite a few parties are going to get elected on the message "we'll just steal it from our neighbors militarily", like the Palestinians are doing. But this approach is on the cusp of becoming really, really popular worldwide. So it's not really that Trump is causing 100 wars worldwide, it's having a totally unsustainable system: either people need to be accept a lot less than they currently have, or they can go to war and make it FAR worse. Needless to say, it is a certainty they'll want to go to war.

And btw, as I pointed out, this is not a money problem. It is a problem of labor resources. It is about the amount of labor, not the division. So every system has the same problem: nothing can be solved by switching from/to capitalism, socialism, fascism, communism, ... as no system is able to create labor, only redivide who labors and who gets the rewards. None of these systems increase the amount of labor and so the welfare state is doomed under every system.

TLDR: the government has to spend about 50% less per 20 years. Not in terms of money, but in terms of actual people working for government (including hospitals, schools, eldery homes, ...). 50% of government jobs have to disappear for every 20 years this lasts, and at least once.

You would think this would make the government invest a massive amount in AI and robotics, anything required, in the last years they can maintain spending without extreme pain. But, of course, nothing remotely like that is happening.

spwa4 6 days ago | parent | prev [-]

So you want to implement taxation by having the government offer money to people? I understand the sentiment "money where your mouth is", but ... seems unlikely to be very useful to keep government spending up.

Uvix 5 days ago | parent | prev [-]

Capital gains aren't theoretical. A capital gains tax is levied when gains are realized by selling an asset. (e.g. I receive a dividend on a stock, or I sell a stock or my house for more than I paid for it.)

I think you're confusing a capital gains tax with a wealth or asset tax.

dandellion 6 days ago | parent | prev | next [-]

I mean, other than give access the infrastructure, the people and the rule of law... what did the romans ever do for us?

_petronius 6 days ago | parent | prev [-]

If you lived in Ireland in that period, you benefitted from Irish government services, schools, police, fire services, etc. You participated in the community (hopefully), used roads, bought things in shops, so and on so forth.

Regardless, the idea that the government can only tax you if it directly gave you sufficient benefit, _in your assessment_, is of course nonsense. Taxes are what you owe to the society you live in, not about what society owes to you.

If you are lucky enough to be internationally mobile, this does not exempt you from contributing to the communities you spend time in as you travel around the world. You cannot expect to arrive in a country, earn money from it, and depart again without paying your fair share of taxes.

If you do not like how a country has structured its tax law and what priorities it has as a society, you are of course always free to not move there in the first place.

robocat 6 days ago | parent [-]

> benefitted from Irish government services, schools, police, fire services, etc. You participated in the community (hopefully), used roads

That is a terrible basis for argument: we mostly each get similar usage of services (roads, police, yadda yadda) which should be an argument for a fixed amount of tax per person (a poll tax).

If you wish to argue that we get what we pay for: then rich people pay wayyyyyy more so they should get more government services???

The wealthy surely don't get better policing: instead the wealthy pay heaps for their own insurance and security systems.

Be careful making any argument based on services received for money spent because the well off pay a lot and don't receive a lot for it.

Wobbles42 6 days ago | parent | next [-]

Without society it's pretty hard to be well off in the first place. The entire concept of property becomes pretty meaningless without some very basic concepts of a legal system and territorial integrity. Without that you can only own what you can physically defend.

Wealthy people and large companies do generally employ security, but that is merely supplemental. They enjoy the backdrop of a society where the vast majority of people at least recognize the basic concept of ownership, and where protection from external state actors is provided. More to the point, they live in a system where most people see negative expected return from just killing them and taking their stuff

Abstractions like insurance further require a system where agreements can be made and mostly enforced, and where the need for the insurance is low enough for the premium to be workable.

The small security team at any given company is there to handle the the exceptions that don't conform to the larger society's rules. It doesn't replace that protection entirely. You'd need a standing army for that, and you'd have to work full time just to maintain its loyalty.

Even with no direct services whatsoever, people benefit from society in more or less direct proportion to their wealth -- and arguably the benefit accrues exponentially as wealth increases, given that this enables the exponential growth of capital.

robocat 6 days ago | parent [-]

> Without society it's pretty hard to be well off in the first place.

What a pointless argument - you could just as easily chose cause and effect in the other direction: without businesses then society has nothing. Zero businesses, zero tax income.

My main point is that society needs to encourage business owners. If marginal tax is too high, then owners have no incentivise to earn themselves an extra dollar. When owners earn less then society gets less.

There's a balance to incentives.

I'm not working currently because my taxation rate is too high. I'm fine with that since I value my time highly. However financially my country could be getting more from me by lowering my taxes enough to encourage me to work. But voters don't care about what is sensible - they care about optics - and politicians care about voters more than they care about the economy.

psd1 5 days ago | parent [-]

I find this softer position much more amenable than your GP comment.

However, you conflate "businesses" with "entities that pay only some minimal poll tax". It turns out that progressive tax does not preclude complex society. Corporate tax does not kill business on touch. All you've argued for is the existence of the Laffer Curve.

Commercial activity predates currency, and is omnipresent across every tax system that has ever been tried. Where money, there trade. Where trade, there value-add. Or at the very least, combing the beach for pretty shells.

There are tribes without the concept of personal property or money, that make things and build value. No tax can extinguish human creativity.

I'm cagey about secondary effects, but I'm cautiously optimistic about debasing the trait of self-enrichment. I see no reason to take on faith that people acting out of self-actualisation would build a lesser technology. You know you're on a site full of nerds, right?

The existence of the internet protocols is a case in point.

Conversely, I prefer a world without facebook and robocalls.

psd1 6 days ago | parent | prev [-]

> The wealthy surely don't get better policing

_Surely not._

> rich people pay wayyyyyy more

Citation needed

> so they should get more government services

...such as corporate welfare, political influence, favourable prices on public land and institutions, regulatory capture?

The acid test for your frame is whether you would have made as much wealth on a desert island, with no market, no value-added inputs, no communication and no currency. If so, then great, you truly did not depend on society. I admire your self-reliance.

Otherwise, you have benefited from the sum effort of every human, living or dead, in the chain of causality leading up to the circumstances in which you made your pile. I'll leave natural resources aside.

I _love_ that a bunch of libertarians are seasteading. More should go. I am happy to write off tax debt for anybody who goes seasteading for, let's say, five years.

If your raft calls into port for trade, then you pay duty and sales tax, but at that point you've admitted defeat. It's not like they'll accept your raftcoin anyway.

5 days ago | parent [-]
[deleted]
tdullien 6 days ago | parent | prev | next [-]

The obvious solution is for the state to accept illiquid securities as payment for tax.

Wobbles42 6 days ago | parent [-]

This would be hilarious. I would support that change for entertainment value alone.

cess11 6 days ago | parent | prev | next [-]

Where I live we have the option to put capital holdings in flat-rate taxed accounts, based on the size of the investment. I thought this was common elsewhere too.

phyzix5761 6 days ago | parent | prev | next [-]

Did the telecom business have profits? Were those taxed?

rusk 6 days ago | parent | prev [-]

> a certain wealthy telecoms magnet

It’s okay to name him here you know. [redacted] can’t get you on HN