> There is plenty of undefined behavior that can't lead to violating memory safety. For example, in many languages, argument evaluation order is undefined. If you have some code like:

You are mixing up non-determinism and UB. Sadly that's a common misunderstanding.

See https://www.ralfj.de/blog/2021/11/18/ub-good-idea.html for an explanation of what UB is, though I don't go into the distinction to non-determinism there.