As a user, if you need to run recent versions of your tools, I'd argue Debian (at least Debian Stable) is not for you. Luckily we have many choices among Linux distributions!

There's nothing wrong with Debian for running recent versions of your dev tools; you just shouldn't expect to get them from the official Debian repositories. But there are third-party repositories for things like e.g. latest Node versions. I would expect there to be something for Rust, as well, but apparently they are also packaging rustup now.