The idea that helped make decibels click for me is that they're a way to quickly do both dimensional analysis and gain/attenuation calculations at the same time.

"Plain" decibels are simply (power) ratios. These can describe multiplicative changes in power. These are positive for gains (like in a power amplifier) or negative for attenuations (like path loss). They are unitless quantities.

Decibels add. A ten 10 dB gain (x10) followed by a 20 dB loss (x0.01) is -10 dB (x0.1).

"Flavored" decibels are in reference to some power quantity. For example, dBm uses one milliwatt as its reference. So 2 mW / 1 mW = 2 = 10^(3/10) = 3 dBm. These quantities have associated units, but they're still technically dimensionless.

Here's the key insight. You can only have one "flavored" decibel value per computation. Say you have some 3 dBm signal (2 mW). You can add as many regular decibel values as you want, but the unit is still dBm. 3dBm + 4 dB - 7 dB = 0 dBm. In linear units, 2 mW * 2.5 * 0.2 = 1 mW

If you were to do something like 3 dBm + 0 dBm, the linear units would be 2 mW * 1 mW = 2 mW^2, which is probably not what you want.

dBs are confusing. Different fields have slightly different conventions. People talk about any factor of 2 as a 3 dB change, when technically it should only be relative to power-like quantities. It's weird that some of these "units" can be added together, while others can't. The factors of 10 and 20 can be confusing.

But if you consider the units from a dimensional analysis standpoint, decibels are much more sane and intuitive than they appear.

> "Plain" decibels are simply (power) ratios. / "Flavored" decibels are in reference to some power quantity.

I think this is analogous to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affine_space . If I understand correctly, an affine space has absolute points and relative vectors.

In terms of types: point ± vector = point; point + point = illegal; point - point = vector; vector ± vector = vector.

Similar with datetimes - you have absolute datetimes (e.g. 2025-05-23T05:16:35Z) and relative offsets (+1 minute, -1 day, etc.). You cannot add two datetimes together.

A plain decibel would be a vector, and a flavored decibel would be a point.

> 2 mW / 1 mW = 2 = 10^(3/10) = 3 dBm

It's worth noting that this is wrong, in exactly the way that makes decibels confusing. 3 dBm is an absolute power figure (about 2 mW). 2 mW / 1 mW is a ratio of 2 (about 3 dB).

2 mW / 1 mW = 2 = 10^(3/10) = 3 dB.

2 mW = 2 * 1 mW = 10^(3/10) * 1 mW = 3 dB (1 mW) = 3 dBm.