Sorry, I'll be using my lazy card here and give a concise answer, which you can extrapolate to find the answers to all of your questions.

PISA is a standardized test conducted by OECD for International Student Assessment. It's homepage is located at [0], alongside with datasets for all previous tests, and plethora of material.

So, you can download the data, look at the questions in any language you prefer, do your own analysis.

I'll just reiterate that, my personal experience mirrors the article. Extreme reliance of smart devices and technologies like conversational LLMs reduce the cognitive ability and deep thinking capacity tremendously. Children and people become interfaces to these devices they use. They just delegate all their thinking to these devices and live a much hollower life.

[0]: https://www.oecd.org/en/about/programmes/pisa.html