There’s a huge caveat here. From the NYTs link:

“even a few minutes of training at an intensity approaching your maximum capacity produces molecular changes within muscles comparable to those of several hours of running or bike riding”

If you’re out of shape your maximum capacity isn’t going to be high enough for long term benefits. You may hurt yourself trying to reach max capacity if you’re starting out as a newbie (see rabdo). If you’re healthier and know how to reach and measure your max capacity, this can be beneficial. Working out at max capacity is hard for even experienced and fit athletes. There are training cycles for workouts at max capacity and then there are off cycles where you don’t approach it. Both are important to long term capability.

This kind of workout is probably beneficial for people who are already competent at their given training modality, need to keep their fitness engagement going and have a day or three where they can’t workout (think travel). If you’re looking to improve your fitness, you’ll probably need to do more than a max effort short workout.

(IMO as a certified personal trainer and competitive strength athlete and trail runner)