Yes, basically any build system that supports distributed caching use digest instead of timestamp when checking modification: Bazel, Pants, Buck, etc.

They're all hugely complex though.

For local build only, I think SCons and Waf both use hash for changes detection.

Any build system is overly generic and it's up to the user to define how things should be built. So what happens is that at the end of the day every project ends up with a poorly made build system layered on top of a third-party generic tool but without abstracting away its complexity or abstractions.

My opinion is that a build system should figure out on its own how to build files, that is its job. The last thing I want to do is to define targets or dependencies. All of this is already implicit from the code itself and is useless busywork. I should just point it to a file or directory and that is it.

I prefer to just build my own build systems, bespoke to each project or environment, that just does what it should, no more and no less, leveraging the conventions in place and neatly integrating with team workflows (debugging, sanitizers, continuous integration, release, packaging, deployment, etc.)

I find that when you do that, there isn't much value in using any of the tools, they just add noise or make things slow. Running a graph of compiler and linker commands in parallel is fairly trivial and can be done in 20 lines of Python. The hard part is figuring out where the dependencies live, which versions to pick, and how the code implies those dependencies; for which the tools do nothing.