The only thing similar I’ve heard of in the US is vehicle registration fees and stickers (that usually go on the license plate), but these vary state by state and are not tied to any toll road or the like.

Every toll road I’ve ever been on in the US you have to pay each time you use it. These days most states use the same transponder system where your vehicle is detected by that device when you enter the toll road or by license plate readers.

I’ve never heard of a general “yearly highway toll” anywhere in the US.

Over here (central europe), many countries have yearly (monthly, weekly) tolls. You used to get a sticker to put on the windshield (now it's mostly digital, tied to the licence plate), and you can drive on any highway within the country for a week/month/year. No slowing down or stopping to pay, on the other hand, you either have to buy it in advance or stop at the border or the first gas station in the country and buy it there.

We had a huge reducation in traffic deaths due to that (because people use the highway more than before, even for just "one exit", since you don't have to stop and wait in line to pay anymore).