You have at least two options:

1. Argue from ignorance. Never try unions in any other programming languages and completely disallow their use in C# codebases that you participate in.

2. Try them out and adopt an informed opinion.

You may even choose to remain in ignorance until someone wastes their own time trying to convince you. But it isn't my job or desire to teach someone who won't put in the effort to learn for themselves.

Simple example:

   type Expr =
       | Primitive of int
       | Addition of (Expr * Expr)
       | Subtraction of (Expr * Expr)
       | Negation of Expr

“Compoision”. A typo I know but it would be a word describing what goes wrong with class hierarchies.

Object-oriented polymorphism (interfaces, inheritance) is for when you have a fixed set of methods to implement but an unbounded set of types that may want to implement them.

As a consumer, you cannot change the methods, but you can add a subtype. When you subtype an abstract class or an interface, the compiler does not let you proceed until you have implemented all the methods.

Discriminated unions are for the exact opposite situation, when you have a fixed set of subtypes, but unbounded set of methods to implement on them. As a consumer, you cannot add a subtype, but you can add a new method. When you write a new method, the compiler does not let you proceed until you have handled all the subtypes.

Good languages should support both!

The best example is abstract syntax trees, the data types that represent expressions and statements in a programming language. "Expression" breaks down into cases: integer literal, string literal, variable name, binary operations like add(expr1,expr2), unary operations like negate(expr), function call(functionName, exprs), etc.

Clearly all of these expression subtypes should belong to a base type `Expression`. But what methods do you put on `Expression`? If you're writing a compiler, you have to walk this syntax tree many times for very different purposes. First you might do a pass on it where you "de-sugar" syntax, then another pass where you type-check it and resolve names in the code, then another pass where you generate assembly code from it. Perhaps your compiler even supports different backends so you have a code-gen path for x86, another for ARM, etc. You'll likely want a pretty-printer so you can do automatic reformatting, maybe you want linting support, etc.

If you look at all those concerns and say that each subtype of `Expression` must implement methods for each one, then you end up with untenable code organization. Every expression subtype now has a huge stack of methods to implement all in one file, dealing with stuff from totally different layers of the compiler. It's a mess.

It's much cleaner to have the "shape" of the expression defined in one place without all that clutter, and then in each of those areas of the code you can write methods that consume expressions however they need, so each of those separate concerns lives in its own silo.

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Some real code (but it's F# not C#) to look at.

AST for my SQL dialect: https://github.com/fsprojects/Rezoom.SQL/blob/master/src/Rez... Typechecker code: https://github.com/fsprojects/Rezoom.SQL/blob/master/src/Rez... Backend code that outputs MS TSQL from it: https://github.com/fsprojects/Rezoom.SQL/blob/master/src/Rez...

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If you're an old hand at OO you may be familiar with its actual answer to this problem, the "Visitor" pattern. See System.Linq.Expressions.ExpressionVisitor. However, once you've used a language with good union and pattern matching support, this feels like a clunky hack. Basically the mirror image of a language without real object orientation imitating it by passing around closures and structs-of-closures.

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It doesn't just have to be compiler stuff. A business app data model can use this too. Instead of having:

    public class DbUser
    {
        public EmailAddress Email { get; set; }
        public PasswordHash? Password { get; set; } // null if they use SSO
        public SamlEntityProviderId? SamlProvider { get; set; } // null if they use password auth
    }

    type UserAuth =
        | PasswordAuth of PasswordHash
        | SSOAuth of SamlIdentityProviderId

I think "what problems do they solve that I can't already solve" is the wrong way to look at it. After all, ultimately most language features are just syntactic sugar - you could implement for loops with goto, but it would be a lot less pleasant. I think that unions aren't strictly necessary, but they are a very pleasant to use way of differentiating between different, but related, types of value.

Simple example that I use often when writing API clients:

In current C# I usually do something like

public class ApiResponse<T> { public T? Response { get; set; } public bool IsSuccessful { get; set; } public ErrorResponse Error { get; set; } }

This means I have to check that IsSuccessful is true (and/or that Response is not null). But more importantly, it means my imbecile coworkers who never read my documentation need to do so as well otherwise they're going to have a null reference exception in prod because they never actually test their garbage before pushing it to prod. And I get pulled into a 4 hour meeting to debug and solve the issue as a result.

With union types, I can return a union of the types T and ErrorResponse and save myself massive headaches.

All the weird cruft around nullability, for starters. Once again confirming that allowing null references is usually a mistake.

Maybe not crazy but the language just has a really broad surface. I find it to be like the Scala of the OO world.

I am all for minimalism but "If you come from one codebase to another codebase by a different team it’s close to learning a completely new language" I really don't agree. It's not that big. Just sounds like a skill issue

none of that applies to my position. I have an appreciation for almost all of C# and am comfortable in the framework. I just want to know what situations would be better suited to using them than traditional approaches.

I get there's an .Either pattern when chaining function calls so you don't have to do weird typing to return errors, but I'm using exceptions for that anyway, so the return type isn't an issue.